It is ours and we will take what we want.. Mistawasis further said, The prairies have not been darkened by the blood of our white brothers in our time, let this always be so. The Indigenous leaders then held council for the rest of the day. Morris said little to ease the concerns of Beardy and promised that they too would receive the same as the other bands including agricultural assistance for a new way of life. Please note that this form is not intended to provide customer service. [2] Due to this, Sweet Grass was not Cree and was Crow. Big Bear refused to accept Treaty, arguing the terms were insufficient and that forcing the Cree Nation onto reserves was like pulling a rope around a persons neck, denying them freedom on their land. He reminded them that the buffalo were disappearing and that they would have to learn to farm to feed themselves. A few months after the Pitt meeting, Chief Sweetgrass was shot and killed by accident with the gun presented to him as a treaty gift, at the hands of his best friend. What is the difference between Treaty 6 and Treaty 7? To the Canadian delegation, the only legally binding contracts were what was written into the treaty. [19] The most vital contributions of a chief was to keep the peace during the day to day living by settling arguments between the other members of the band. The treaty contained, with some variations, the standard written clauses of the earlier numbered treaties signed with First Nations: surrender of Indian land rights; provision of assistance in the transition to an agricultural economy; provision of reserves (in Treaty 6 the equivalent of one square mile per family of . The fort was heavily stocked with provisions, which angered the staving Cree. Morris said little to ease the concerns of Beardy and promised that they too would receive the same as the other bands including agricultural assistance for a new way of life. Indigenous peoples are subject to the same tax rules as any other resident in Canada unless their income is eligible for the tax exemption under section 87 of the Indian Act. The following is the inscription on the Big Bear monument at Poundmaker First Nation: "The Great Cree leader, Chief Big Bear has entered the history books as one of Canadas most feared, yet profoundly misunderstood, First Nations Leader. [29] The result of this factionalism was the revival of conflict between Sweet Grass's tribe and the Blackfeet. Limits on the Treaty Power Harvard Law Review. The Plains Cree were not always the victims of this conflict. Morris then explained to the group that the Crown would create reserves for their people and would assist them in farming initiatives, without interfer[ing] with their present mode of living. Morris never explicitly discussed the concept of land cession. Fearing starvation and unrest, many of the initially hesitant chiefs signed adhesions to the treaty in the years to come, including Minahikosis (who signed in July 1879) and Mistahimaskwa (who signed on 8 December 1882 at Fort Walsh). Mistahimaskwa was frustrated and surprised that the other chiefs had not waited for him to return before concluding the negotiations. However, Morris told the Cree that they would find themselves crowded by settlers unless they settled on reserves. They had sent a war party to a Blackfoot camp and killed 18 Blackfeet in addition to stealing horses. What is the difference between Treaty 6 and Treaty 7? The pipe stem was presented to the Governor and Treaty Commissioners where they stroked the stem. The treaty outlined specifics as to rights of indigenous people and support and protection of the Queen. Morris reassured the First Nations that their way of life and survival would not be disturbed and guaranteed well into the future. They felt the treaty did not do enough to protect the Cree 'way of life' and forced assimilation into European culture and 'way of life'. Its used to categorize all Indigenous Peoples from across Canada as one big homogenized group. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. 6 Recognition Day to commemorate the signing of the treaty in 1876. In another significant difference from Treaty 6, Treaty 7 states that the Crown would pay for teachers salaries instead of the maintenance of school buildings. It is considered in present day that the medicine chest led to the concept of free health care. This made the Plains Cree very nervous and they confronted the surveyors and warned them to stop what they were doing because the government had not met with them to discuss their concerns. Sweet Grass during the signing of the treaty was one of the most well-regarded plains Cree chiefs and was given a position of importance during negotiations. One of the requests that Sweet Grass made to the government was to teach the Cree better farming techniques. They hunted in the same territory and would often hunt and camp together. The amount of power wielded by Cree chiefs varied from person to person. They wanted assurance of their spiritual and physical survival (Price 20). Prime Minister John A. Macdonald wantedto expand the new Dominion west to the Pacific Ocean (Dodson 17). The treaty boundaries extend across central portions of present-day Alberta and Saskatchewan. So they were not present during the negotiations. The Dominion of Canada bought Ruperts Land for the sum of 300,000 pounds from the Hudsons Bay Company on March 8, 1869 and at the same time the Crown transferred North West territories to Canada. On August 22, 1921, Chief Monfwi, representing all Tlicho, signed Treaty 11 with Canada. The band had instead sent a messenger to attend the negotiations. The legacy of Treaty 6 continues to affect the Cree till the modern day. This treaty was called the Great Law of Peace of the People of the Longhouse and predates the year 1450. The pipe stem was presented to the Governor and Treaty Commissioners where they stroked the stem. In 1882, Young Sweet Grass and seventeen followers joined Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strikes him on the back), who had signed Treaty 6 at Fort Carlton on August 28, 1876. After the raid, they moved back to the reserve with the captured supplies without another incident. A chief needed to be an active leader both in peace and war. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? The Treaty was passed on orally and was not recorded until 1880 (Roberts 90). , Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at, , Saskatchewan. Chief Beardy then refused to be part of the negotiations at Fort Carlton and Morris understood this would be a problem to the Treaty process for the Willow Cree(Stonechild and Waiser 11). Harold Cardinal and Walter Hildebrand, Treaty Elders of Saskatchewan: Our Dream is that Our Peoples Will One Day Be Clearly Recognized As Nations (2000). The perpetrators of the massacre would be apprehended and tried for murder and hung in 1885.[51]. [8] Sweet Grass most likely did not partake in this tradition or many other childhood ones. Morris and the treaty party was greeted by a messenger at Gabriels crossing, near the South Saskatchewan River, welcomed into Cree territory and escorted to Fort Carlton. He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. George McDougall and North West Mounted Police (NWMP) Inspector Crozier brought presents to give to the Cree, but Big Bear refused them, telling them they did not want presents until the treaties were finalized. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. The negotiations began at a traditional camping area the Crees called pehonanik or the waiting place, located a mile and half from the Fort (Stonechild and Waiser 12). John A. Macdonald did not want to go to war with the First Nations as the Americans were in the south to attain lands. [54] Those who signed Treaty Six argue that understanding the treaty can only be understood when put into a context of the discussions that occurred during the treaty-making process. Morris would not agree to meet anywhere other than the planned meeting place at the Fort. Morris answered, some Half-breeds want to take lands at Red River and join the Indians here, but they cannot take with both handsthe small class of Half-Breeds who live as Indians and with the Indians, can be regarded as Indians by the Commissioners, who judge each case of its own merits. (Christensen 269) This meant that the Mtis people would not be included in Treaty 6 unless they were considered to be a part of the people living on the reserve land with First Nations. (Christensen 234), Once everyone was assembled at the Council tent, the pipe stem ceremony began with all the Chiefs, headmen, singers, and drummers. Many people would leave the reserve due to government policies to limit food rations. Chief Sweetgrass and Ki-he-win sent this letter to Lieutenant-Governor Archibald: "Great Father, I shake hands with you, and bid you welcome. [30] Another was that the government should stop supplying weapons to the Blackfeet who were his tribe's enemy. What was the European perspective of treaty 6. A messenger was sent for Sweetgrass, but it is unknown why Big Bear and Little Pine didnt receive the message. The First Nations knew that treaties were being negotiated to the east of them and wanted to speak with the government about their future (Miller, Ray and Tough 135). Chief Minahikosis (Little Pine) and other Cree leaders of the Saskatchewan District were also opposed to the terms, arguing that the treaty provided little protections for their people. Why was Treaty 6 so important? All nations kept the rights to use the land for hunting. Mtis observer and translator, Peter Erasmus noted that Morris was shaken by the incident. In order to attract the governments attention, in July 1875, the Cree stopped members of the Geological Survey in North Saskatchewan from moving any farther through their territory. Both organizations concluded that the Indigenous signatories believed that they were agreeing to share the land and its resources, rather than to completely surrender it to the federal government. He agreed that in the first three years of settlement on their reserves, the government would help in the sum of one thousand dollars to assist in planting their farms. Chief Sweetgrass arrived the next day and met with the rest of the First Nations to discuss what had happened at Fort Carlton. The buffalo was the plains First Nations livelihood: their source of food, shelter, clothing, and trading goods. Popular. He attempted to take Sweet Grass's pistol and it accidentally discharged, resulting in his death.[5]. On 5 September, the commissioners arrived at Fort Pitt, where they were to negotiate the treaty with the Indigenous peoples there. The days of bison hunting were coming to an end, and the Cree needed help adjusting to new modes of life; the treaty provided them with that opportunity. There was much discussion around the term of calamity and pestilence. Medals, flags, and uniforms were presented as well as treaty payments. [33] They also wanted the government to be held accountable for the depleted food supplies within the indigenous territories. Box 147 Gallivan, Saskatchewan S0M 0X0. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? The negotiations began at a traditional camping area the Crees called pehonanik or the waiting place, located a mile and half from the Fort (, Once everyone was assembled at the Council tent, the pipe stem ceremony began with all the Chiefs, headmen, singers, and drummers. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Trending. Afterward, there were many First Nations who were upset because of a lack of consultation with them during the negotiations. Morris statement about reserves was immediately met with resistance by Pitikwahanapiwiyin (Poundmaker), a local leader who became a great chief in the 1880s. In 1870 Sweetgrass allowed himself to be baptized and was given the name Abraham.[28]. The Treaty of Waitangi Claudia Orange Google Books. (Mtis fur trader and politician), as well as translators, assistants and NWMP escorts. As this agreement is the first legal agreement between these Indigenous groups and the new Canadian government, which continued to impact and facilitate interactions between them. Just before the Treaty party left Fort Pitt, Big Bear arrived and asked to speak with Morris. The manager of the HBC post at Fort Carlton, Lawrence Clarke, wrote to government officials that same summer, alerting them that the Cree had also threatened to turn back telegraph workers who were trying to construct a line from Winnipeg to Edmonton. During this time Lacombe would become familiar with the Cree language and the culture, even writing a Cree dictionary in 1874. Chief Beardy, a spiritual leader known to possess powers, met the treaty party on the journey to the Fort and invited them to meet on a local hill - this was based on a vision he had. [41] Some of the Plains Cree simply could not accept peace with the Blackfoot. [7] The Shaman's decision would be based on a character or incident that they saw in their vision. The Crees were advised by members of Yellowquills band to prevent the treaty party from crossing the river as they were unhappy about the terms of Treaty 4. Sweet Grass converted to Christianity in 1870, [25] being baptized into Catholicism with the name Abraham. At the time when Sweet Grass was Chief, The Canadian government had pictured what the Indigenous communities were and never changed them. Treaty 6 was the biggest piece of legislation between Plains Cree Leaders and the colonial government. Arthur J. Ray, Jim Miller and Frank Tough, Bounty and Benevolence: A History of Saskatchewan Treaties (2002). On arrival at Fort Carlton on 15 August, Morris met with the head chiefs of the Carlton Cree: Mistawasis (Big Child) and Ahtahkakoop (Star Blanket). Historian Hugh Dempsey argues that Weekaskookwasayins acceptance of the treaty was likely influenced by Mistawasis and Ahtukuoops decision to sign Treaty 6, rather than a close reading of the treaty terms. On 31 March 1958, the Department of Indian Affairs enfranchised the entire Michel Callihoo band, meaning that they lost their legal rights as status Indians in exchange for other rights, such as voting (see Indian; Indigenous Suffrage). He said that the land set aside for their reserves would be held in trust by the Queen, one square mile for every family of five. Poundmaker, a Councilor from Red Pheasants band, stood up and protested, This is our land, not a piece of pemmican to be cut off and given in little pieces. [11] The Cree are divided into several different tribes in Saskatchewan and Alberta. [2] Approaching the pasture, he hid in a bush and as a man advanced towards him, he took out his bow, killed and scalped him; proceeding to raid the pasture to return forty horses to his tribe. Treaty 6, between the Queen and bands of Cree and Stoney First Nations, was negotiated and signed at Fort Carlton and Duck Lake in August, and at Fort Pitt in September, 1876. They were unaware of the negotiations at Fort Carlton and thought they would not be coming for another month or so. Sweetgrass First Nation Chief Lorie Whitecalf History Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed TREATY 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. to the signing of a treaty had strong cultural and spiritual significance. Governor Morris addressed the crowd and asked Erasmus to interpret for him, Erasmus answered back, I act on behalf of the Chiefs; I am not employed by the government. McKay translated but was stopped when Chief Mistawasis stood up and said We are Plains Cree and demand to be spoken to in our language. Then Ballenden proceeded to translate, however, people in the back of the crowd complained they could not hear him, he tried to speak louder, choked and then sat down (Ray, Miller, and Tough 134). What was the outcome of Chief Sweetgrass signing Treaty 6? He was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. Later that year, Sweet Grass was converted to Roman Catholicism by Father Albert Lacombe and was baptized with the Christian name Abraham. They were mostly Woods Cree and Dene and had not been influenced by Christianity and farming as the others who signed Treaty at Fort Carlton (, Chief James Seenum, a Woods Cree leader from Whitefish Lake requested a larger territory for his reserve, but he was denied (. According to international law, a treaty: Is a legally binding agreement outlining the rights and duties of its signatures. Treaty 6 was signed by Crown representatives and Cree, Assiniboine and Ojibwa leaders on 23 August 1876 at Fort Carlton, Saskatchewan, and on 9 September 1876 at Fort Pitt, Saskatchewan. Death. Buffalo hunting and fur trading were a vital part of Cree survival. The University of Saskatchewan's main campus is situated onTreaty 6 Territory and the Homeland of the Mtis. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on . Let us not think of ourselves but our childrens children, let us show our wisdom by choosing the right path while we yet have a choice. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 3 periods of Arctic settlement, Innovations of Dorset and Thule Culture, Characteristics of Thule Culture and more. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass); he was unable to hold the band together, which began to splinter. After explaining the treaty terms, the Duck Lake chiefs and headmen also signed the treaty. We invite you to come and see us and to speak with us. [17] After death, the soul would wonder the earth for four days, and then would travel to the land of the dead, which was believed to be in the Milky Way. Similarly, clauses promising farming assistance and reserve schools can be interpreted as a promise to provide general economic assistance for Indigenous businesses and access to modern education. On 9 September, Weekaskookwasayin addressed the people, arguing that the treaty terms would help preserve and protect their livelihood. It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. Michael Asch, Aboriginal and Treaty Rights in Canada (2011). Our team will be reviewing your submission and get back to you with any further questions. He died January 17, 1888 and is buried in the Poundmaker cemetery. Many Chiefs anticipated the arrival of the Queens treaty commissioners. Big Bear was adamant in his request to the government to create laws to regulate the hunting of the buffalo. Welcome to Archive of European Integration - Archive of European . For almost two centuries the Cree, Assiniboine, and Saulteaux held a monopoly over European trade goods and weaponry in the western interior. Cree Tribes would move according to their migration habits. (, Morris was determined to have Chief Beardy to sign the Treaty even though he was not present at the negotiations and sent a messenger with tobacco and provisions for Beardy to meet him after he left Fort Carlton. By this time, the only known buffalo herds left were located in the Cypress Hills. The next day, well armed Peigans entered the battle and defeated the Cree, approximately 200-400 Crees died in the battle. Who negotiated Treaty 6? They believed that the land was sacred. How long does it take to become a CNA in Tennessee? What was chief mistawasis Role in Treaty 6? Chief Sweetgrass, a well respected leader was chosen to be the spokesman for the meeting with Christie (, In the years of 1872 to 1875 there was pressure on the Canadian government from the First Nations in the prairies to address treaties. John A. Macdonald did not want to go to war with the First Nations as the Americans were in the south to attain lands. He also agreed to give agricultural implements. In 1882, Young Sweet Grass & seventeen followers joined Wah-wee-kah-oo-tah-mah-hote (Strikes him on the back), who had signed Treaty 6 at Fort Carlton on August 28, 1876. There were a lot of doubts and heavy conversations among the First Nations, they were not convinced that this new way of life would be able to sustain them into the future. With guns and horses acquired through trade they had driven the Blackfoot and Gros Ventres to the west and south, occupying the rich buffalo-hunting lands of the prairie parkland. A force of North-West Mounted Police (NWMP) was sent to the area to maintain order. [40] Although it is not known which of the Cree Chiefs supported an unexpected attack on a Blackfoot Chief, it is known that Sweet Grass was not among them. Beardy was not granted his request to have the treaty payments made at the site he had envisioned, Morris did not want to accommodate Beardy and viewed his lack of participation in the negotiations as an inconvenience to the process (, On September 5, 1876, the Treaty party arrived ten days earlier than expected at Fort Pitt, (located between Fort Carlton and Fort Edmonton) to meet the River First Nations. They created an iron alliance that enabled them to expand across the northern plains. A representative from Chief Beardys group suggested they rent the land while others suggested they refuse the Treaty altogether. Using this discontent, Chief Wandering Spirit gathered support and began to purses more aggressive policies towards settlers. Morris reassured the terms of the treaty, I want the Indians to understand that all that has been offered is a gift, and they still have the same mode of living as before (, Mistawasis had one last request and wanted to know how the Half-Breeds w, That afternoon, Treaty Six was signed by the Treaty Commissioners, the Lieutenant Governor, followed by Chiefs Mistawasis, Ahtahkakoop, and 11 other Chiefs, and 44 Headmen. When Treaty 6 was put forward by the Canadian government in 1876, Sweetgrass was profoundly influential in bringing the Plains Cree into the agreement. However, this likely happened because he was born in a Cree Camp. What Treaty 6 peoples are close to Edmonton? At this point, Young Sweet Grass would lead a fragment of the band to join with other Cree, who had signed Treaty 6. [17] The soul was able to leave the body during visions where it would accompany their spiritual helper. On September 9, the Chiefs and Headmen signed their approval to accept Treaty 6. According to the notes of the commissions secretary, M.G. The Sweetgrass First Nation is a Cree First Nation in Cut Knife, Saskatchewan, Canada. As a well respected Cree leader during a time of strife, Sweet Grass attempted to lead his people as best as he could. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Treaty 6 included terms that had not been incorporated into Treaties 1 to 5, including a medicine chest at the house of the Indian agent on the reserve, protection from famine and pestilence, more agricultural implements, and on-reserve education. He was succeeded by his son, Apseenes (Young Sweet Grass). Issues arise from the mixed interpretations of the Treaty by both the Indigenous groups and the Government. Morris addressed the crowd reassuring them that the Queen would look after them and the next two days were spent considering the words of Morris speaking on behalf of the Crown. [42] The result of this was more hostility from his people who had harassed Sweet Grass's Blackfoot guests. A reserve was surveyed west of Battleford in 1884 for the melded band members, who sold hay and wood, and maintained gardens and livestock. During one hunt Sweetgrass's horse was unable to remain calm, which was affecting the hunting of buffalo. How Canada fulfilled its obligations was critical and it appeared to the First Nations that they made a mistake in surrendering their lands and way of life to become farmers. The bearer of the sacred stem Wah-wee-kah-nich-ka-oh-tah-mah-hote (the man you strike on the back) carried the decorated pipe stem, and walked slowly along the semi circle of people to the front. January 2020Sweetgrass First Nation is pleased to announce our updated website. Edmonton was founded in Treaty No 6 territory and Treaty No 6 Recognition Day recognizes Edmonton's connection with the First peoples of this land. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IT3EjLPW2uw. With encroaching settlers and other indigenous groups, the dwindling of traditional hunting,[45] and disease rampant,[46] Sweet Grass and his band of Cree were desperate for support. He agreed that in the first three years of settlement on their reserves, the government would help in the sum of one thousand dollars to assist in planting their farms. However, over-trapping forced tribes to move west to find suitable forest areas. It remained to be seen whether it was a bad omen. Dempsey argues that if Mistahimaskwa had been present at the negotiations, the treaty commissioners would have likely had a more difficult time acquiring Indigenous approval of Treaty 6. Chief Sweet Grass (Weekaskookwasayin) signed Treaty 6 on September 9, 1876, with the Fort Pitt Indians, but was killed about six months later. Beardy was not granted his request to have the treaty payments made at the site he had envisioned, Morris did not want to accommodate Beardy and viewed his lack of participation in the negotiations as an inconvenience to the process (Stonechild and Waiser 22). Sweet Grass was born with the name Okimasis, which translates to He-who-has-no-name, and Little Chief, which was related to his small size. Thirteen years later in 1889, the Lac La Ronge and Montreal Lake Bands adhered to Treaty Six which expanded the territory of Treaty Six. It is the unique collective right to use of, and jurisdiction over, ancestral territory and is separate from the rights of non-Aboriginal Canadian citizens under common law. Interpreter, Peter Erasmus, now employed with the government and travelling with the Treaty party translated the terms of the Treaty signed. He worked with other chiefs and bands to participate in raids with enemy tribes. Big Bear and Little Pine also believed in the sovereignty of their own Nations and were opposed to the idea of another Nation governing and applying their laws to them. It belonged to no one man and could not be sold (, In 1871, a delegation of Chiefs went to Fort Edmonton to meet with Chief Factor W.J. [22] Days of fighting ensued however, both chiefs managed to survive.[23]. In Morris address he described the governments genuine concern for the welfare of their Indian brothers and sisters and asked them to take his words with much thought and to look to the future, what I will promise, and what I believe and hope you will take, is to last as long as the sun shines and yonder rivers flow. (Stonechild and Waiser 15). In the summer of 1875, messengers from the Canadian government came to Cree territory to inform them that the government would be coming to negotiate a Treaty with them the following summer of 1876. [15] This figure held no real identity and did not appear to anyone in visions or contact. "Big Bear, Ahtahkakoop, and Mistawasis were the most vocal leaders to stop the developments on their lands. Families had the ability to break away from their current band and join another elsewhere. 3 What happened when Chief Sweetgrass signed Treaty 6? Many chiefs signed adhesions to Treaty 6 in the years after 1876, seeing it as the only viable option to protect their people and provide a better life for them. + - This map is a work in progress. It belonged to no one man and could not be sold (Christensen 146). [29] Sweet Grass hope to work with the federal government was challenged by other prominent Cree leaders. Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs Website Design by M.R. Aboriginal has been an umbrella term used by Canadians and Canadian institutions for convenience. 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